Some of the major unsolved problems in physics are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining a certain observed phenomenon or experimental result. The others are experimental, meaning that there is a difficulty in creating an experiment to test a proposed theory or investigate a phenomenon in greater detail.
The following is a list of unsolved problems grouped by the broad area of physics into which they fall.
Cosmology, and general relativity
Cosmic inflation
Is the theory of cosmic inflation correct?, and if so, what are the details of this epoch? What is the hypothetical inflaton field giving rise to inflation? If inflation happened at one point, is it self-sustaining through inflation of quantum-mechanical fluctuations, and thus ongoing in some impossibly distant place?[1]
Horizon problem
Why is the distant universe so homogeneous, when the Big Bang theory seems to predict larger measurable anisotropies of the night sky than those observed? Cosmological inflation is generally accepted as the solution, but are other possible explanations such as a variable speed of light more appropriate?[2]
Future of the universe
Is the universe heading towards a Big Freeze, a Big Rip, a Big Crunch or a Big Bounce? Or is it part of an infinitely recurring cyclic model?
Gravitational wave
Can gravitational waves be detected experimentally?[3][4]
Baryon asymmetry
Why is there far more matter than antimatter in the observable universe?
Cosmological constant problem
Why does the zero-point energy of the vacuum not cause a large cosmological constant? What cancels it out?
"Thirty Unsolved Problems in the Physics of Elementary Particles". Progress in Physics4.
^P.W. Anderson (1995), "Through the Glass Lightly", Science267: 1615, doi:10.1126/science.267.5204.1615-e, "The deepest and most interesting unsolved problem in solid state theory is probably the theory of the nature of glass and the glass transition."
^Proceedings: Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences (Royal Society) 453, 1997, "An unsolved problem in modern physics concerns the phenomenon of sonoluminescence"
^Turyshev, S.; Toth, V.; Kinsella, G.; Lee, S. C.; Lok, S.; Ellis, J. (2012). "Support for the Thermal Origin of the Pioneer Anomaly". Physical Review Letters108 (24). arXiv:1204.2507. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.241101.edit
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